The Way Forward Project

The Way Forward Project Report

The Way Forward Project's four Working Groups collaborated to create a final report released at The Way Forward Policy Summit in Washington, DC on November 8, 2011. For more information on CCAI’s The Way Forward Project please contact .(JavaScript must be enabled to view this email address).

Works Referenced and Consulted  

SECTION 1

FAMILY PRESERVATION AND REUNIFICATION

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Better Care Network(BCN). (2011). Formal care indicators. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/BCN/FormalCareIndicators.asp

Better Care Network (BCN). (2011). Health and nutrition programs. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/BCN/topic_more.asp?topicID=1002&themeID=1000

Brooks, Andy. (2005). Demobilization and reintegration of children associated with the fighting forces: lessons learned in Sierra Leone, 1998–2002. UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office, Dakar.

Carmona Social Welfare and Cash Transfer Meeting Participants. (2009, January 4). Social Welfare and Cash Transfer Meeting. Carmona, Spain. April 22-24. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/docs/Carmona%20Communiqué%20-%20Cash%20Transfers%20and%20Social%20Welfare%20Services.pdf

Department for International Development (DFID), HelpAge International, Hope & Homes for Children, Institute of Development Studies, International Labour Organization, Overseas Development Institute, Save the Children UK, UNDP, UNICEF and the World Bank. (2009). Advancing child-sensitive social protection. Joint Statement.

EveryChild. (2011, March). Scaling down: Reducing, reshaping and improving residential care around the world. Positive Care Choices: Working paper 1, p. 8. Delap, E. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/docs/Scaling%20Down%20.pdf

The First International Conference in Africa on Family Based Care for Children. (2009, September 28-29). Conference Declarations and Recommendations. Intercontinental Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya. Retrieved from http://www.bettercarenetwork.nl/content/17382/download/clnt/23929_Declaration.pdf

Gebru, M., & Atnafou, R. (2000, July). Transitioning from institutional care of orphans to community-based care: The experience of Ethiopia’s Jerusalem Association Children’s Homes. Better Care Network. From: Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Foundation, Orphan Alert: International Perspectives on Children Left Behind by HIV/AIDS (pp. 22, 23). Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/docs/Transitioning from Institutional Care of Orphans to Communit.doc

General Assembly of the United Nations (UNGA). (2010, February).Guidelines for the alternative care of children. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [on the report of the Third Committee (A/64/434)]. Retrieved from http://www.iss-ssi.org/2009/index.php?id=25

Handa, S., Devereux, S. and Webb, D. (2010). Social protection for Africa’s children. London: Routledge.

Heinlein, P., & Ababa, A. (2010, December 14). Under Pressure, Ethiopia Plans Crackdown on Baby Business. Voice of America. Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Under-Pressure-Ethiopia-Plans-Crackdown-on-Baby-Business-111848424.html

International Rescue Committee (IRC). Draft report due to be issued in October 2011. “Urwaruka Rushasha”: A Randomized Impact Evaluation of Village Savings and Loans Associations and Family-Based Interventions in Burundi.

International Social Service and International Reference Centre for the Rights of Children Deprived of their Family (ISS/IRC). (2007, April). Intercountry Adoption: The Principle of Subsidarity. Fact Sheet N° 35. Retrieved from http://www.iss-ssi.org/2009/assets/files/thematic-facts-sheet/eng/35.Subsidiarite%20eng.pdf

Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS (JLICA). (2008, August 31). Families’ Efforts to Secure the Future of Their Children in the Context of Multiple Stresses, including HIV and AIDS (p. 16). Learning Group 1: Strengthening Families. Drimie, S., & Casale, M. Retrieved from http://www.jlica.org/userfiles/file/Drimie%20&%20Casale%20Families'%20efforts%20to%20secure%20the%20future%20of%20th.pdf

Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS (JLICA). (2009). Home Truths: Facing the Facts on Children, AIDS, and Poverty (pp. 12, 13). Final Report of JLICA. Irwin, A., Alayne, A., & Winter, A. Retrieved from http://www.jlica.org/protected/pdf-feb09/Final%20JLICA%20Report-final.pdf

Lamin, D. (Presenter). (2009, September 28-29). The Role of Communities in Family Based Care. The International Conference on Family Based Care. Nairobi, Kenya.

National Association of Social Workers - US (NASW - US), Division for Human Rights & International Affairs. (2011, March). Social Welfare Workforce Strengthening Conference: Investing in Those Who Care for Children: Conference Report. Conference: Cape Town, South Africa. Nov. 15-18, 2010.

Nyonyntono, Namuli, Dr. R. M. (Dept. of Sociology, University of Nairobi). (1983). Report prepared for seminar:Poverty and the Changing Family in the African Context: Maseru, Lesotho, 5-9 September 1983. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Division for the Study of Development. Unesco, Paris. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0005/000590/059008eb.pdf

Richter, L., Foster, G., & Sherr, L. (2006). Where the heart is: Meeting the psychosocial needs of young children in the context of HIV/AIDS (p. 49). Bernard van Leer Foundation. The Netherlands.

Roby, J. L. (2011, June). Children in informal alternative care. Discussion Paper. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Child Protection Section, NY, NY. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/protection/Informal_care_discussion_paper_final.pdf

Spitz, Dr. R.A. (1945). Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood (pp. 53-74). Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, Vol. 1. Retrieved from http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=psc.001.0053a

Tobis, Dr. D. (Presenter). (2011, January 5). Moving from residential to family-based care. The Way Forward Project: First Working Groups Convening. A Convening of the Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute. Arlington, Virginia.

UK Department for International Development (UK DFID). (2011, April). The Department for International Development cash transfers evidence paper (p. 23-24). Policy Division. Arnold, C., Conway, T., & Greenslade, M. Retrieved from http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Articles/Evidence_Paper-FINAL-CLEARAcknowledgement.pdf

UNICEF Ethiopia. (2011, April). Deinstitutionalization of children through increasing family-based care for children in Ethiopia. Unpublished Report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

United States Agency for International Development (USAID). (2008, February). Economic strengthening for vulnerable children: Principles of program design and technical recommendations for effective field interventions. Field Report No. 2. James-Wilson, D., Torres, V., van Bastelaer, Thierry, Yamba, B., Parrott, L., Brand, M., & Fowler, B. Retrieved from http://www.aed.org/Publications/upload/FIELD.pdf

United States Agency for International Development (USAID). (2009, December). Human capacity within child welfare systems: The social work workforce in Africa (p. vii). Global Health Technical Assistance Project. Washington, DC: Davis, R.

van Ijzendoorn, M., Luijk, M. C. M., & Juffer, F. (2008, July). IQ of Children Growing Up in Children's Homes A Meta-Analysis on IQ Delays in Orphanages. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 54(3), pp. 351-352. DOI: 10.1353/mpq.0.0002

Webb, D., Robinson, M., Mah, A., Basazenew, F., Girmay, K., Terfassa, E., Yohonnes, Z., Kefetew, K., & Wakjira, F. (2010). Outcomes from a child focused economic strengthening programme in Ethiopia. Paper presented to CCABA meeting - International AIDS Conference: Vienna, July 2010.

Williamson, J., & Greenberg, A. (2010, September). Families, not orphanages (pp. 5-7). Better Care Network Working Paper. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/docs/Families%20Not%20Orphanages.pdf

SECTION 2

INTERIM CARE ALTERNATIVES AND FOSTER CARE

Ahmad, A., Qahar, J., Siddiq, A., Majeed, A., Rasheed, J., Jabar, F., & von Knorring, A.L.. (2005, March). A 2-year follow-up of orphans' competence, socioemotional problems and post-traumatic stress symptoms in traditional foster care and orphanages in Iraqi Kurdistan. Child Care Health Dev., 31(2), 203-15.

Akresh, R. (2005, January). Risk, network quality, and family structure: child fostering decisions in Burkina Faso. Center discussion paper No. 902. Economic Growth Center, Yale University. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/docs/cdp902.pdf

Akwara, P.A., Noubary, B., Lim Ah Ken, P., Johnson, K., Yates, R., Winfrey, W., Chandan, U.K., Mulennga, D., Kolker, J., & Lou, C. (2010, September). Who is the vulnerable child? Using survey data to identify children at risk in the era of HIV and AIDS. Statistics & Monitoring Section, UNICEF, New York, NY, USA. AIDS Care, 22(9), 1066-85.

Andersson, G. (2005). Family relations, adjustment and well-being in a longitudinal study of children in care. [References]. Child & Family Social Work, Vol.10, 43-56.

Barth, R. (2002, June 17). Institutions vs. Foster Homes. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/docs/Barth.pdf

Bauer, P.M., Hanson, J.L., Pierson, R.K., Davidson, R.J., & Pollak, S.D. (2009). Cerebellar volume and cognitive functioning in children who experienced early deprivation. Biological Psychiatry, 66(12), 1100-1106.

Beckett, C., Maughan, B., Rutter, M., Castle, J., Colvert, E., Groothues, C., Hawkins, A., Kreppner, J., O'Connor, T.G., Stevens, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E.J. (2007, December). Scholastic attainment following severe early institutional deprivation: a study of children adopted from Romania. J Abnorm Child Psychol., 35(6), 1063-73.

Beegle, K., De, W. J., & Dercon, S. (2009). The intergenerational impact of the African orphans crisis: a cohort study from an HIV/AIDS affected area. International Journal of Epidemiology.38(2), 561-8.

Behen, M.E., Muzik, O., Saporta, A.S., Wilson, B.J., Pai, D., Hua, J., & Chugani, H.T. (2009, September). Abnormal fronto-striatal connectivity in children with histories of early deprivation: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain Imaging Behav, 3(3), 292-297.

Belsey, M., & Sherr, L. (2011). The definition of true orphan prevalence: Trends, contexts and implications for policies and programmes. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 6(3), 180-200.

Bos, K., Fox, N., Zeanah, C.H., & Nelson, C.A. (2009). The effects of early psychosocial deprivation on the development of memory and executive function. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. Retrieved from http://www.frontiersin.org/behavioral_neuroscience/10.3389/neuro.08.016.2009/full

Bos, K., Zeanah, C.H., Fox, N.A., Drury, S.S., McLaughlin, K.A., & Nelson, C.A. (2011, January-February). Psychiatric outcomes in young children with a history of institutionalization. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 19(1), 15-24.

Cermak, S. A., & Daunhauer, L. A. (1997 July). Sensory processing in the postinstitutionalized child. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 51(7), 500-7.

Chisholm, K. (1998, August). A three year follow-up of attachment and indiscriminate friendliness in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Child Dev., 69(4),1092-106.

Chugani, H. T., Behen, M. E., Muzik, O., Juhasz, C., Nagy, F., &Chugani, D. C. (2001). Local brain functional activity following early deprivation: a study of postinstitutionalized Romanian orphans. Neuroimage, 14, 1290-1301.

Croft, C., O'Connor, T. G., Keaveney, L., Groothues, C., Rutter, M., & English and Romanian Adoption Study Team (2001). Longitudinal change in parenting associated with developmental delay and catch-up. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 42(5), 649-59.

Daunhauer LA, Coster WJ, Tickle-Degnen L, Cermak SA. (2007, July-August). Effects of caregiver-child interactions on play occupations among young children institutionalized in Eastern Europe. Am J Occup Ther., 61(4), 429-40.

Dobrova-Krol, N.A., van IJzendoorn, M.H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., & Juffer, F. (2010, January-February). Effects of perinatal HIV infection and early institutional rearing on physical and cognitive development of children in Ukraine. Child Dev., 81(1), 237-51.

Eluvathingal, T.J., Chugani, H.T., Behen, M.E., Juhász, C., Muzik, O., Maqbool, M., Chugani, D.C., & Makki, M. (2006). Abnormal brain connectivity in children after early severe socioemotional deprivation: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Pediatrics, 117, 2093-2100.

Fox, N.A., Almas, A.N., Degnan, K.A., Nelson, C.A., & Zeanah, C.H. (2011, January 19). The Effects of Severe Psychosocial Deprivation and Foster Care Intervention on Cognitive Development at 8 Years of Age: Findings From the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52: 919–928. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02355.x.

Fries, A.B., Shirtcliff, E.A., & Pollak, S.D. (2008). Neuroendocrine dysregulation following early social deprivation in children. Developmental Psychobiology, 50, 588-599.

Gale, L.A. (2008, April 5). Beyond men pikin: improving understanding of post-conflict child fostering in Sierra Leone. Feinstein International Center, Tufts University. Published under a Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 license in April 2008. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/docs/Sierra%20Leone%20Fostering.pdf

Ghera, M.M., Marshall, P.J., Fox, N.A., Zeanah, C.H., Nelson, C.A., Smyke, A.T., & Guthrie, D. (2009, March). The effects of foster care intervention on socially deprived institutionalized children's attention and positive affect: results from the BEIP study. JChild Psychol Psychiatry, 50(3), 246-53.

Human Rights Watch (1999). Human Rights Watch World Report 1999. New York: Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2009

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Johnson, R., Browne, K., & Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. (2006, January). Young children in institutional care at risk of harm. Trauma Violence Abuse, 7(1), 34-60.

Johnson, D.E., Guthrie, D., Smyke, A.T., Koga, S.F., Fox, N.A., Zeanah, C.H., & Nelson, C.A. 3rd. (2010, June). Growth and associations between auxology, caregiving environment, and cognition in socially deprived Romanian children randomized to foster vs ongoing institutional care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med., 164(6), 507-16.

Kaboggoza, J. (Presenter). (2011, May 26). Sharing Experiences on Alternative Care in Uganda.The Way Forward Project: Second Working Groups Convening.Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Kim, T. I., Shin, Y. H., & White-Traut, R. C. (2003). Multisensory intervention improves physical growth and illness rates in Korean orphaned newborn infants. Research in Nursing & Health, 26(6), 424-33.

Kreppner, J.M., Rutter M., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Colvert, E., Groothues, C., Hawkins, A., O'Connor, T.G., Stevens, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E.J. (2007, July). Normality and impairment following profound early institutional deprivation: a longitudinal follow-up into early adolescence. Dev Psychol., 43(4), 931-46.

Lee, R.M., Seol, K.O., Sung, M., & Miller, M.J. (2010, March). Minnesota International Adoption Project Team. The behavioral development of Korean children in institutional care and international adoptive families. Dev Psychol., 46(2), 468-78.

Lin, S.H., Cermak, S., Coster, W.J., & Miller, L. (2005, March-April). The relation between length of institutionalization and sensory integration in children adopted from Eastern Europe. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 59(2),139-47.

Marshall, P. J., Fox, N. A., & the BEIP core group. (2004). A comparison of the Electroencephalogram between institutionalized and community children in Romania. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,16, 1327-1338.

Marshall, P., Reeb, B.C., Fox, N.A., Nelson, C.A., & Zeanah, C.H. (2008). Effects of early intervention on EEG power and coherence in previously institutionalized children in Romania. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 861-880.

Mateo, C. M. (2005). Variables related to the adoption process. Children's problems before and after adoption. [Spanish]. [References]. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnostico y Evaluacion Psicologica, Vol.19, 121-145

McLaughlin, K. A., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., Sheridan, M. A., Marshall, P., & Nelson, C. A. (2010). Delayed maturation in brain electrical activity partially explains the association between early environmental deprivation and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 68(4), 329-36.

Mehta, M.A., Golembo, N.I., Nosarti, C., Colvert, E., Mota, A., Williams S.C.R., Rutter, M., & Sonuga-Barke, E.J.S. (2009). Amygdala, hippocampal and corpus callosum size following severe early institutional deprivation: The English and Romanian Adoptees Study Pilot. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 50, 943-951.

Mehta, M.A., Gore-Langton, E., Golembo, N., Colvert, E., Williams, S.C.R., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2010, October). (manuscript under review). Hyporesponsive reward anticipation the basal ganglia following severe institutional deprivation early in life. J Cogn Neurosci,22(10), 2316-25. King's College London, UK.

Miller, L., Chan, W., Comfort, K., & Tirella, L. (2005, June). Health of children adopted from Guatemala: comparison of orphanage and foster care. Pediatrics, 115(6), e710-7.

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Morison, S.J., & Ellwood, A.L. (2000). Resiliency in the aftermath of deprivation: A second look at the development of Romanian orphanage children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly: Journal of Developmental Psychology, 46, 717-737.

Moulson, M.C., Westerlund, A., Fox, N.A., Zeanah, C.H., & Nelson, C.A. (2009). The effects of early experience on face recognition: An event related potential study of institutionalized children in Romania. Child Development, 80, 1039-1056.

Moulson M.C., Fox, N.A., Zeanah, C.H., & Nelson, C.A. (2009). Early Adverse Experiences and the Neurobiology of Facial Emotion Processing. Developmental Psychology, 45(1), 2009, 17-30.

Moulson, M.C., Westerlund, A., Fox, N.A., Zeanah, C.H., & Nelson, C.A.. (2009, July-August). The Effects of Early Experience on Face Recognition: An Event-related Potential Study of Institutionalized Children in Romania. Child Dev., 80(4), 1039-56.

Moulson, M.C., Fox, N.A., Zeanah, C.H,, & Nelson, C.A.. (2009). Early adverse experiences and the neurobiology of facial emotion processing. Dev Psychol.,45(1), 17-30.

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Nelson, C.A. 3rd, Zeanah, C.H., Fox, N.A., Marshall, P.J., Smyke, A.T., & Guthrie, D. (2007, December 21). Cognitive Recovery in Socially Deprived Young Children: the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Science, 318(5858), 1937-40.

Nelson, C.A., Furtado, E.A., Fox, N.A., & Zeanah, C.H. (2009). The Deprived Human Brain. American Scientist, 97(3), 222 – 229.

O'Connor, T. G. & Rutter, M. (2000). Attachment Disorder Behavior Following Early Severe Deprivation: Extension and Longitudinal Follow-up. English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(6), 703-12.

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Pollak, S.D., Nelson, C.A., Schlaak, M., Roeber, B., Wewerka, S., Wiik, K., Loman, M., & Gunnar, M.R. (in press). Neurodevelopmental effects of early deprivation in post-institutionalized children. Child Development, 27, 3994-3997.

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Robert, M., Carceller, A., Domken, V., Ramos, F., Dobrescu, O., Simard, M.N., & Gosselin, J. (2009). Physical and neurodevelopmental evaluation of children adopted from Eastern Europe. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 16(3), e432-40.

Roy, P., Rutter, M., & Pickles, A. (2004). Institutional care: associations between overactivity and lack of selectivity in social relationships. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines., 45(4), 866-73.

Rutter, M., Andersen-Wood, L., Beckett, C., Bredenkamp, D., Castle, J., Groothues, C., Kreppner, J., Keaveney, L., Lord, C., & O’Connor, T. (1999). Quasi-autistic patterns following severe early global privation. English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study Team. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 40(4), 537-49.

Rutter, M., Kreppner, J., Croft, C., Murin, M., Colvert, E., Beckett, C., Castle, J., & Sonuga-Barke, E.. (2007, December). Early adolescent outcomes of institutionally deprived and non-deprived adoptees. III. Quasi-autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 48(12), 1200-7.

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Sherr, L., Varrall, R., Mueller, J., Richter. L., Wakhweya, A., Adato, M., Belsey, M., Chandan, U., Drimie, S., Haour-Knipe, V., Hosegood, M., Kimou, J., Madhavan, S., Mathambo, V., & Desmond, C. (2008, May). A Systematic Review on the Meaning of the Concept 'AIDS Orphan': Confusion Over Definitions and Implications for Care. AIDS Care, 20(5), 527-36.

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World Vision International. (2009). Because we care: Programming guidance for children deprived of parental care. California, US. Author: Oswald, E. Editor: Forbes, B. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/docs/Because%20We%20Care.pdf

Zeanah, C.H., Egger, H.L., Smyke, A.T., Nelson, C.A., Fox, N.A., Marshall, P.J., & Guthrie D. (2009, July). Institutional Rearing and Psychiatric Disorders in Romanian Preschool Children. Am J Psychiatry, 166(7), 777-85.

Zeanah, C.H., Nelson, C.A., Fox, N.A., Smyke, A.T., Marshall, P.J., Parker, S.W., & Koga, S. (2003). Designing Research to Study the Effects of Institutionalization on Brain and Behavioral Development: The Bucharest Early Intervention. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 885-907.

Zhao, G., Zhao, Q., Li, X., Fang, X., Zhao, J., & Zhang, L. (2010, May). Family-based care and psychological problems of AIDS orphans: does it matter who was the care-giver? Psychol Health Med.,15(3), 326-35.

SECTION 3

PERMANENCY – KINHIP, GUARDIANSHIP, AND DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL ADOPTION

Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2006, December). Sibling issues in foster care and adoption. A bulletin for professionals. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/siblingissues/siblingissues.pdf

Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). (2009). The right of the child to be heard. CRC/C/GC/12, p. 15, para. 56. CRC Fifty-first Session. Geneva. Retrieved from http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/children/participation/CRC-C-GC-12.pdf

Courtney, M., Skyles, A., Miranda, G., Zinn, A., Howard, E., & Goerge, R. (2005). Youth who run away from substitute care. Chicago: Chapin Hall Center for Children.

Dunn, A. (Presenter). (2009, September 28-30). Family and kinship care, using information collected from alternative care assessments made in 9 East and Southern African countries for UNICEF ESARO and Country Offices. The First International Conference in Africa on Family Based Care for Children. Intercontinental Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya.

Dunn, A., & Parry-Williams, J. (2008, September). Alternative care for children in Southern Africa: Progress, challenges and future directions. Working paper. Nairobi, Kenya: UNICEF. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/docs/Alt%20Care%20in%20Southern%20Africa.pdf

EveryChild. (2011, June). Fostering better care: Improving foster care provision around the world. Positive Care Choices: Working paper 2. Delap, E. Retrieved from http://www.everychild.org.uk/docs/FosteringBetterCare.pdf

Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH). (2008). The implementation and operation of the 1993 Hague Intercountry Adoption Convention: Guide to good practice, Guide No. 1. Family Law (Jordan Publishing Limited), Bristol, BSI 6JS. Retrieved from http://www.hcch.net/upload/adoguide_e.pdf

Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH). (2005, August). Draft guide to good practice under the Hague Convention of 29 May 1993 on protection of children and co-operation in respect of intercountry adoption - Implementation + Annexes. Prel. Doc. No 2 of August 2005.The Hague, The Netherlands.

International Social Services and International Reference Centre for the Rights of the Child Deprived of their Family (ISS/IRC). (2005, October). Permanency Planning: the principles to be taken into account. Fact Sheet, No. 3.

Leathers, S. (2005). Separation from siblings: Associations with placement adaptation and outcomes among adolescents in long-term foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(7), 793-819.

Save the Children UK. (2007). Kinship care: Providing positive and safe care for children living away from home. London. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/docs/kinship%20care.pdf

Stocker, C. M. (1994). Children’s perceptions of relationships with siblings, friends, and mothers: Compensatory processes and links with adjustment. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 35(8), 1447-1459.

Tarren-Sweeney, M., & Hazell, P. (2005). The mental health and socialization of siblings in care. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(7), 821-843.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, &Children’s Bureau. (2006, December). Sibling issues in foster care and adoption. Child Welfare Information Gateway. Retrieved from www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/siblingissues/index.cfm

SECTION 4

LEGAL, GOVERNMENT AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

The African Child Policy Forum (ACPF). (2010). The African report on child well-being 2011: Budgeting for children (Country brief - Uganda). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Retrieved from http://www.africanchildforum.org/africanreport/attachements/article/47/UGANDA.pdf

African Network for the Prevention and Protection against Child Abuse and Neglect (ANPPCAN). (2008, August). Towards eliminationof child trafficking: An action oriented study in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Nairobi, Kenya.Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen26 Towards Elimination of Child Trafficking -Action Oriented Study.pdf

AIDS Resource Center. (2010). National fact sheet 2010. Retrieved from http://www.etharc.org/resources/healthstat/nationalfactsheet/13-nationalfactsheet2010

Bunkers, K. (Consultant to UNICEF Ethiopia). (2011, October 5). Personal communication. UNICEF Ethiopia. Six Month Report to Displaced Children and Orphans Fund.

Central Intelligence Agency. (2011, July). (July 2011 estimate). CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 15 October from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html

Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia. Website. Retrieved from http://www.csa.gov.et/

Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), UN OHCHR. (2004). Concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Rwanda.

Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), UN OHCHR. (2005, November 23). Concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Uganda. Geneva, Switzerland.

Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), UN OHCHR. (2006a, March 17). Concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Ghana.CRC/C/GHA/CO/2. Retrieved from http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G06/409/57/PDF/G0640957.pdf?OpenElement

Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), UN OHCHR. (2006b, November 1). Committee on the Rights of the Child: Final observations: Ethiopia. Forty-third session. Available at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G06/450/09/PDF/G0645009.pdf?OpenElement

Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), UN OHCHR. (2009a). Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Malawi. Geneva,Switzerland.

Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), UN OHCHR. (2009b). Consideration of states parties submitted by state’s parties considered under Article 44 under the Convention.

Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.icrc.org/ihl-nat.nsf/.../Constitution%20Malawi%20-%20EN.pdf

Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_125376.pdf

Department of Social Welfare, Ghana. (n.d.). Orphans and vulnerable children care reform 2006-2011. The care reform initiative. Accra, Ghana. Retrieved from http://www.ovcghana.org/what_is_cri.html

Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency. (2011). Ethiopia demographic and health survey 2011. Preliminary Report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Retrieved from http://www.csa.gov.et/docs/EDHS%202011%20Preliminary%20Report%20Sep%2016%202011.pdf

Families in Society. (2006). Care of orphans: Fostering interventions for children whose parents die of AIDS in Ghana. The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 87(4), 555-564. DOI: 10.1606/1044-3894.3571. Retrieved from http://www.familiesinsociety.org/Show.asp?docid=3571

Family Health International (FHI). (2010, June). Improving care options for children in Ethiopia through understanding institutional child care and factors driving institutionalization. Retrieved from http://www.fhi.org/NR/rdonlyres/ephafjzaqifqxb4cf2mjgmue43k5yvet5vbor7znqcfgz233wzbrtoo66h46jorrpjbfd2jt5rlq3i/EthiopiaChildCareInstitutionStudyreport.pdf

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE). (2000, July). The revised family code. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/E16 Ethiopia_Family Code.pdf

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (1994, December 8). National Constitution. Adopted 8 December 1994. Retrieved October 28, 2011 from http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/et00000_.html

Gebru, M., & Atnafou, R. (2000, July). Transitioning from institutional care of orphans to community-based care: The experience of Ethiopia’s Jerusalem Association Children’s Homes. Better Care Network. From: Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Foundation, Orphan Alert: International Perspectives on Children Left Behind by HIV/AIDS (pp. 22, 23). Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/E17%20Transitioning%20from%20Institutional%20Care.pdf

General Assembly of the United Nations (UNGA). (1989). Convention on the rights of the child. General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989. Entry into force 1990 September 2, in accordance with article 49. Retrieved from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm

General Assembly of the Republic of Rwanda. (2009). LawN°59/2008 of 10/09/2008. OG N°14 OF 06 04 2009. Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda. Retrieved from http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/population/domesticviolence/rwanda.genderviolence.08.pdf

Ghana, Ministry of Women and Children’s Affairs. (n.d.). Early childhood care and development policy. Retrieved from http://www.mowacghana.net/DeptW/downloads/Early%20Childhood%20Care%20and%20Dev.%20Policy.pdf

Ghana, Ministry of Women and Children’s Affairs. (n.d.). National gender and children policy. Retrieved from http://www.mowacghana.net/DeptW/downloads/National%20Gender%20and%20Children%20Policy.pdf

Ghana’s Written replies to the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/AdvanceVersions/CRC.C.GHA.Q.2.Add.1.pdf

Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-Operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption.(1993, May 29).Entry into force: 1995 January 5. Full-text. Hague Conference on Private International Law. 1993 May. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen02%20Hague%20Convention%20on%20Protection%20of%20Children_Full%20Text.pdf

Hague Convention on Private International Law. Website. Retrieved from http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php

International Reference Centre for the Rights of Children Deprived of their Family (ISS/IRC). (n.d.). Uganda: Protection of the child deprived of, or at risk of being deprived of, his family of origin - Country situation.

International Social Services and International Reference Centre for the Rights of the Child Deprived of their Family (ISS/IRC). (2008). Country situation report: Rwanda, 2008.

International Social Services and International Reference Centre for the Rights of the Child Deprived of their Family (ISS/IRC). (2010). Country situation report: Ethiopia, 2010.

IRIN. (2007, February). Kenya: Nairobi’s street children: Hope for Kenya’s future generation. Youth in crisis: coming of age in the 21st century. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=28&ReportId=69987&Country=Yes

Jones, N., Ahadzie, W., & Doh, D. (2009, July). Social protection and children: Opportunities and challenges in Ghana. UNICEF/WCARO and UNICEF Ghana and Ministry of Employment and Social Welfare.

Kalibala, S., & Lynne, E. (2010). Situation analysis of vulnerable children in Uganda.

Kuyini, A. B. & Mahama, F. K. (n. d.). Implementing child rights and protection law in Ghana: Case study. Retrieved from http://www.cevsghana.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/ImplementingChildRightsProtectionLawinGhana.26070718.pdf

Minister in charge of Family Promotion and Gender, Republic of Rwanda. (2006). Strategicplan for orphans and other vulnerable children, 2007-2011.Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/R09%20Rwanda%20Strategic%20Plan%20for%20OVC%202007-11.pdf

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ethiopia. (2011, October 5). Retrieved from http://www.mfa.gov.et/Facts_About_Ethiopia/Government_Political_Systems.php

Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion (MIGEPROF). (2011, May - June). Field report, May - June 2011.

Ministry of Gender, Labour, and Social Development, Uganda. (2004). National Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children Policy. Final Draft.

Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development. (2007).Strengthening statistics for planning:Social development sector strategic plan for statistics 2007-2011. Kampala-Uganda. Retrieved from: http://www.mglsd.go.ug/?p=35

Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development, Uganda (MGLSD). (2010). Assessment of the Status of Babies and Children’s Homes in Uganda.

Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. (2011, August). Draft Social Protection Policy.

Ministry of Local Government, Information and Social Affairs, Republic of Uganda. (2003). National Policy on Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children.

Ministry of Manpower, Youth and Employment, Republic of Ghana. (2007, March). The National Social Protection Strategy: Investing in People. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/G10 National Social Protection Strategy.pdf

Ministry of Women and Children's Affairs, Republic of Ghana. Retrieved from http://mowacghana.net/?q=node/20

Ministry of Women’s Affairs, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2009, June). Alternative childcare guidelines on community-based childcare, reunification and reintegration program, foster care, adoption and institutional care service. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Retrieved from http://www.itacaddis.org/italy/images/uploaded_pictures/Final%20Child%20Care%20Guidelines.pdf

National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). (2005). Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey 2005. Calverton, United States: Macro International, Inc.

New York Population Council. (n.d.). Website. http://www.popcouncil.org/

Sibale, B., & Nthambi, T. (2008, September 17). Mid Term Review of the National Plan of Action (NPA) for Orphaned and Other Vulnerable Children. Draft Report. Commissioned by the Ministry of Women and Child Development funded by UNICEF. Centre for Development Management. Malawi.

Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). (2005). Uganda Demographic and Health Survey.

Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). (2006). Uganda National Household Survey.

U.S. Department of State. Website. Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2008). State of the world’s children. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/sowc08/

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2010, January). Adapting a systems approach to child protection: Key concepts and considerations. Working Document. Wulczyn, F., Daro, D., Fluke, J., Feldman, S., Glodek, C., & Lifanda, K. New York, NY. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/protection/files/Adapting_Systems_Child_Protection_Jan__2010.pdf

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2011). State of the world’s children. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/sowc2011/pdfs/SOWC-2011-Main-Report_EN_02092011.pdf

USAID. (2008). Quality programs for orphans and vulnerable children:A Facilitator’s Guide to Establishing Service Standards. Pact and University Research Co., LLC. Retrieved from http://www.pactworld.org/galleries/resource-center/Facilitator_Guide_OVC_Standards_Nov08.pdf

The World Bank. (2011). Social safety net for orphans and vulnerable children. Kenya Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) Project.

ADDITIONAL WORKS REFERENCED

Abebe, T. & Skovdal, M. (2010). Livelihoods, Care and the Familial Relations of Orphans in

African Child Policy Forum (ACPF). (2010). The African Report on Child Wellbeing 2011: Budgeting for Children; Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen15%20The%20African%20Report%20on%20Child%20Wellbineg%202011%20-%20Budgeting%20for%20Children%20%20-%20English.pdf

African Child Policy Forum (ACPF). (2011). Budgeting for Children in Africa: Rhetoric, Reality and the Scorecard. Supplement to the African Report on Child Wellbeing 2011. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen02%20Budgeting%20for%20children%20in%20Africa%20Rhetoric,%20Reality%20and%20the%20Scorecard%20A%20supplement%20to%20the%20African%20Report%20on%20Child%20Wellbeing%202011.pdf

Apt, N.A. , Blavo, E.Q., & Opoku, S.K. (n.d.). Street Children in Accra: A Survey Report. Chpt. 6: Problems and Prospects of Street Children. Department of Sociology, University of Ghana. Produced for the Dept. of Social Welfare & Save the Children Fund (UK). Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/G03%20Problems%20and%20Prospects%20of%20Street%20Children.pdf

Apt, N.A., Blavo, E.Q., & Wilson, S. (1998, April). Children in Need - A study of children in institutional homes in Ghana (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3). Social Administration Unit, University of Ghana, Legon. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Ghana%20Children%20in%20Need%20Pt%201.pdf(Background to the Study: http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Ghana%20Children%20in%20Need%20Pt%202.pdf; Additional Info.: http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Ghana%20Children%20in%20Need%20Pt%203.pdf).

Apt, N.A. (1997, May). Children Without Parents—A Ghanaian Case Study. Centre for Social Policy Studies, University of Ghana; May 1997. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/G05%20Children%20Without%20Parents.pdf

Apt, N.A. & Grieco, M. (1997, May). Listening to Girls on the Street Tell Their Own Story: What Will Help Them Most. RESPONSE and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) – 1995 April. Social Administration, University of Ghana, Legon. Center for Policy Studies. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/G03%20Problems%20and%20Prospects%20of%20Street%20Children.pdf(Also http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Ghana%20Listening%20to%20Girls%20on%20the%20Street%20Pt%203.pdf).

Asquith, S. & Turner, E. (2008). Recovery and Reintegration of Children from the Effects of Sexual Exploitation and Related Trafficking. A Report Commissioned by Oak Foundation, Child Abuse Programme. Geneva.Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen23%20Recovery%20and%20Reintegration%20of%20Children%20from%20the%20Effects%20of%20Sexual%20Exploitation%20and%20Related%20Trafficking.pdf

Betancourt, T. S., Agnew-Blais, J., Gilman, S. E., Williams, D. R., & Ellis, B. H.(2009). Past Horrors, Present Struggles: The Role of Stigma in the Association Between War Experiences and Psychosocial Adjustment Among Former Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone. Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 70(1). Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen21%20Past%20Horrors,%20Present%20Struggles.pdf

Betancourt, T. S., Borisova, I. I., de la Soudiere, M., & Williamson, J. (2011). Sierra Leone's Child Soldiers: War Exposures and Mental Health Problems by Gender. Journal of Adolescent Health Vol. 49(1). 2011. 21-28. Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen23%20Sierra%20Leone's%20Child%20Soldiers,%20War%20Exposures%20and%20Mental%20Health%20Problems.pdf

Betancourt, T. S., Borisova, I. I.,Williams, T. P., Brennan, R. T., Whitfield, T. H., de la Soudiere, M., Williamson, J., & Gilman, S. E. (2010). Sierra Leone’s Former Child Soldiers: A Follow-Up Study of Psychosocial Adjustment and Community Reintegration. Child Development. Vol. 81(4), pp. 1077-1095. 2010 July/August. Society for Research in Child Development, Inc. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen24%20Sierra%20Leone's%20Former%20Child%20Soldiers%20A%20Follow%20up%20Study.pdf

Betancourt, T. S., Brennan, R. T., Rubin-Smith, J., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Gilman, S. E. (2010, June). Sierra Leone's Former Child Soldiers: A Longitudinal Study of Risk, Protective Factors, and Mental Health. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(6). Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen25%20Sierra%20Leone's%20Former%20Child%20Soldiers%20A%20Longitudinal%20Study%20of%20Risk.pdf

Better Care Network (BCN) & United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2009 January). Manual for the Measurement of Indicators for Children in Formal Care (Formal Care Indicators Manual). Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen09%20Manual%20for%20Measurement%20of%20Indicators%20for%20Children%20in%20Formal%20Care.pdf

Binagwaho, A., Noguchi, J., Senyana-Mottier, M.-N., & Smith Fawzi, M.C. (2008, September). Community-Centered Integrated Services for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Rwanda. Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS. Learning Group 3: Expanding Access to Services and Protecting Human Rights. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/R01%20Rwanda%20Case%20Study.pdf

Boothby, N., Crawford, J., & Halperin, H. (2006, February). Mozambique Child Soldier Life Outcome Study: Lessons Learned in Rehabilitation and Integration Efforts. Global Public Health, 1(1), 87-107. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen17%20Mozambique%20Child%20Solder%20Life.pdf

Eastern Africa. AIDS Care. First published on: 12 March 2010 (iFirst).Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120903311474

Engle, P. (2008, July). National Plans of Action for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where are the Youngest Children? Working Papers in Early Childhood Development. Working Paper No. 50. The Hague, The Netherlands: Bernard van Leer Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen11%20National%20Plans%20in%20sub-Saharan%20Africa.pdf

Family Health International (FHI). (2010 June). Community Capacity Enhancement - Community Conversation (CCE-CC): Lessons learned about facilitating positive change in communities through a local discussion, planning, and acting process. Bunkers, K. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/E04%20CCE_CC%20Book%20Ethiopia%20(final).pdf

Fourth CSO Forum on the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC). (2011, March 28-30). Conference Report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen08%20Forum%20on%20the%20African%20Charter%20on%20the%20Rights%20and%20Welfare%20of%20the%20Child.pdf

Gebru, M. (2003, September-November). Impact Study on Jerusalem Association of Children's Homes (JACH) De-institutionalization Programs. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/E08%20JeCCDO%20Impact%20Study%20Report.pdf

Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-Operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption. (1993, May 29). Entry into force: 1995 January 5. Outline. Hague Conference on Private International Law. 1993 May. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen03%20Hague%20Convention%20on%20Protection%20of%20Children_Outline.pdf

Hague Convention on the Rights of the Child. (1989 November 20). General Assembly Resolution 44/25. Entry into Force: 1990 September 2. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen04%20UN%20Convention%20on%20the%20Rights%20of%20the%20Child.pdf

Household Economic Strengthening. (Author/Source/Date Unknown). Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen11%20Household%20Economic%20Strengthening.pdf

International Committee of the Red Cross, Central Tracing Agency and Protection Division (2004 January).Inter-agency guiding principles on unaccompanied and separated children. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen13%20Interagency%20Guiding%20Principles%20on%20Unaccompanied%20and%20Separated%20Children.pdf

International Monetary Fund. (2011, June). Rwanda: poverty reduction strategy paper-progress report. IMF Country Report No. 11/15. Retrieved from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2011/cr11154.pdf

International Social Service and International Reference Center for the Rights of Children Deprived of their Family (ISS/IRC). (2011, March-April). Monthly Review No. 3-4/2011. Special issue devoted to Africa. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen10%20ISS%20Monthly%20Review%20with%20a%20focus%20on%20Africa.pdf

International Social Service and International Reference Centre for the Rights of Children Deprived of their Family (ISS/IRC). (2006, May). Ethiopia: Protection of the child deprived of, or at risk of being deprived of, his family of origin - Country situation. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/E07%20Ethiopia%20-%20Protection%20of%20the%20Child%20Deprived%20of%20or%20at%20Risk%20of%20Being%20Deprived%20of%20the%20Family%20of%20Origin.pdf

Jeke, C. (2010, October 29). The MGDS [Malawi Growth & Development Strategy] & Children: A case for investment. PowerPoint presentation. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/M07%20The%20MGDS%20&%20Children%20-%20A%20Case%20for%20Investment.pptx

Kebede, W. & Butterfield, A. K. (2009 May). Social Networks Among Poor Women in Ethiopia. International Social Work Vol. 52(3), pp. 357-373. Sage Publications on behalf of International Association of Schools of Social Work, International Council of Social Welfare, & International Federation of Social Workers. DOI: 10.1177/0020872808102069. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/E11%20social%20networks%20among%20poor%20women%20in%20ethiopia.pdf

Korboe, D. (1997, May). A profile of street children in Kumasi. Commissioned by RESPONSE & United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Ghana – 1996 June. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/G01%20A%20Profile%20of%20Street%20Children%20in%20Kumasi.pdf

Korboe, D. (n.d.a). Social cost and benefits of “Family Houses.” Some Notes from Kumasi. Center for Social Policy Studies. University of Ghana, Legon. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/G08%20Social%20Cost%20and%20Benefits%20of%20Family%20Houses.pdf

Luzinda, F. (U.S. Dept. of State). (2011 July). Interim report on adoption status in Uganda. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/U01%20Interim%20Report%20on%20Adoption%20Status%20in%20Uganda.pdf

Minister in the Prime Minister's Office in charge of Family Promotion and Gender, Republic of Rwanda.(2006). Strategic plan for orphans and other vulnerable children, 2007-2011. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/R09%20Rwanda%20Strategic%20Plan%20for%20OVC%202007-11.pdf

Minister in the Prime Minister's Office in Charge of Family Promotion and Gender, Republic of Rwanda. (2005, December). National policy for family promotion. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/R06%20Rwanda%20National%20Policy%20Family%20Promotion.pdf

Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion, Republic of Rwanda. (2009, April). Guidelines on international adoption. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/R03%20Guidelines%20on%20International%20Adoption.pdf

Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development, Republic of Uganda. (2011, May). National strategic programme plan of interventions for orphans and other vulnerable children 2011/12 - 2015/16. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/U01%20Uganda%20NPA%202011-2016.pdf

Ministry of Local Administration, Information, and Social Affairs, Republic of Rwanda. (2002, December). National policy for orphans and other vulnerable children in Rwanda. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/R08%20Rwanda%20OVC%20policy.pdf

Ministry of Women's Affairs and the Federal HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia). (2010 February).Standard service delivery guidelines for orphans and vulnerable children's care and support programs. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/E12%20Ethiopia%202010%20Standard%20Service%20Delivery%20Guidelines%20for%20Orphans.pdf

National Statistical Office, Malawi and the United Nations Children's Fund,Malawi, (2007 February). Monitoring the situation of children and women: Malawi multiple indicator cluster survey 2006. Preliminary report. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/M08%20Monitoring%20the%20Situation%20of%20Women%20and%20Children%20-%20Malawi%20Multiple%20Indicator%20Cluster%20Survey%20Preliminary%20Report.pdf

National Statistics Office, Republic of Malawi. (2008). 2008 Population and housing census. Preliminary report. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/M01%202008%20census%20report.pdf

The Need to Strengthen Foster Care in Ethiopia.(Author/Source/Date Not Available). Draft. Summary Report. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/E15%20Summary%20Report%20on%20Foster%20Care%20dec%2015.docx.pdf

The Paris Commitments to Protect Children From Unlawful Recruitment or Use by Armed Forces or Armed Groups(Consolidated Version). (2007 February). Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen23%20Paris%20Commitments%20to%20Protect%20Children%20for%20Recuirment%20into%20Armed%20Groups.pdf

The Paris Principles: Principles and Guidelines on Children Associated with Armed Forces or Armed Groups(Complimentary Document to the Paris Commitments). (2007 February). Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen%2024%20Paris%20Principles%20and%20Guidelines%20on%20Children%20Associated%20with%20Armed%20Groups.pdf

Republic of Ghana. (1998). The children's act. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/G09%20Ghana_The%20Children's%20Act.pdf

Republic of Kenya. (2005 December 16). The children act, 2001. (No. 8 of 2001). Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 89. (Legislative Supplement No. 53). Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/K02%20Kenya%20Gazette%2089.pdf

Republic of Kenya. (2007). The children act, 2001. (No. 8 of 2001). Revised 2007. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/K03%20Kenya_The%20Children%20Act.pdf

Republic of Kenya. (2005). The children (adoption) regulations, 2005. Retrievedfrom http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/K04%20Children%20Adoption%20Regulations%202005.pdf

Republic of Malawi. (2010 July). Child care, protection and justice act, 2010. Retrieved from Part 1: http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Malawi%20Child%20Care%20and%20Protection%20Act%20Pt%201.pdf Part 2: http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Malawi%20Child%20Care%20and%20Protection%20Act%20Pt%202.pdfPart 3: http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Malawi%20Child%20Care%20and%20Protection%20Act%20Pt%203.pdf

Republic of Rwanda. (1999 November). Law 22/99 of 12/11/1999. Law to Supplement Book One of the Civil Code and to Institute Part Five Regarding Matrimonial Regimes, Liberalties and Successions. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/R04%20Rwanda%20law%20to%20supplement%20matrimonial%20regimes%20liberalities%20and%20successions.pdf

Republic of Uganda. (2009). Prevention of trafficking in persons act, 2009. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/U03%20Uganda%20Prevention%20of%20Trafficking%20in%20Persons%20Act.pdf

Republic of Uganda. (1997). The children act. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/U04%20Uganda_The%20Children%20Act.pdf

Save the Children. (2010).Child protection initiative: Building rights-based national child protection systems.Concept Paper to Support Save the Children's Work. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen03%20Child%20Protection%20Initiative,%20Building%20Rights%20Based%20National%20Child%20Protection%20Systems.pdf

Save the Children (UK). (2008, June). Review of the legal and policy frameworks Protecting the Rights of Vulnerable Children in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.Haile, Z. B. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/E10%20Review%20of%20the%20Legal%20and%20Policy%20Frameworks%20Protecting%20the%20Rights%20of%20Vulnerable%20Children%20in%20Ethiopia.pdf

Save the Children. (n.d.a)."Rough Guide" to child protection systems.Draft. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen24%20Rough%20Guide%20to%20Child%20Protection%20Systems.pdf

Seelig, J.M. & Tesfaye, A. (1994). Child welfare issues in Ethiopia. International Social Work, Vol. 37, 221. Sage Publications on behalf of International Association of Schools of Social Work,International Council of Social Welfare, &International Federation of Social Workers. DOI: 10.1177/002087289403700304.Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/E03%20Child%20Welfare%20Issues%20in%20Ethiopia.pdf

Save the Children (UK). (2008 June). Review of the legal and policy frameworks protecting the rights of vulnerable children in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Haile, Z. B. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/E10%20Review%20of%20the%20Legal%20and%20Policy%20Frameworks%20Protecting%20the%20Rights%20of%20Vulnerable%20Children%20in%20Ethiopia.pdf

Tadele, G. (2000). Child abandonment: Five dramatic cases of mothers in Addis Ababa. Medische Anthropoligie, 12(2), pp. 292-307. 2000. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/E02%20Child%20Abandonment%20in%20Addis%20Ababa.pdf

UK Department for International Development. (n.d). Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme (VUP). Start Date: 01/11/2008 – End Date: 30/06/2013. Rwanda. Retrieved (2011, November) from http://projects.dfid.gov.uk/project.aspx?Project=200292

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2005). A study of child domestic work and fosterage in Northern and Upper East Regions of Ghana.Apt, N.A. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/G02%20A%20Study%20of%20Child%20Domestic%20Work%20and%20Fosterage.pdf

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Bethany Christian Services, Buckner/Bright Hope Organization, Retrak, SIM, OPRIFS, Compassion International, & Beza Le Hiwot. (2010 December). Summary of foster care mapping exercise. Summary. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/E14%20Foster%20Care%20Mapping%20Exercise%20Summary.pdf

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2011). State of the World’s Children.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2008, May). UNHCRguidelines on determining the best interests of the child. Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen13%20UN%20Best%20Interests%20Determination.pdf

USAID Malawi and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2009, November). Reforming social welfare: A new development approach in Malawi's Ministry of Gender, Children and Community Development.Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/M09%20Reforming%20Social%20Welfare%20%20A%20New%20Dev%20Approach%20in%20Malawi's%20Ministry%20of%20Gender.pdf

Varnis, S. (2001, November). Promoting child protection through community resources: Care arrangements for Ethiopian AIDS orphans. Northeast African Studies, Volume 8, Number 1 (New Series), pp. 143-158 (Article). Project MUSE. Michigan State University Press. DOI: 10.1353/nas.2005.0021. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/E09%20Promoting%20Child%20Protection%20through%20Communit%20Resources.pdf

Williamson, J. (2006). The disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of child soldiers: Social and psychological transformation in Sierra Leone. Intervention, 4(3). Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen22%20Disarmament,%20Demobilization,%20and%20Reintegration%20of%20Child%20Soldiers.pdf

Wisconsin Department of Children and Families. (1969). Family strengths and needs assessment. Worksheet. Retrieved from http://www.thewayforwardproject.org/file_uploads/Gen06%20Strength%20and%20Needs%20Assess%20Assessment.docx

APPENDIX B: COUNTRIES IN FOCUS

ETHIOPIA

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2010). Ethiopia. The world factbook. Retrieved October 25, 2010, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html

Selman, P. (2010, December). African states of origin, 2003-2009: Number of children sent to 23 receiving states (p. 2). Paper prepared for the Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute. Washington, DC.

Tsegaye, S. (2008). Reversed roles and stressed souls: Child-headed households in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: The African Child Policy Forum. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/docs/ACPFReport_headed_households.pdf

GHANA

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2010). Ghana. The world factbook. Retrieved October 25, 2010, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html

Ghana Statistical Service, Ministry of Health, USAID, Ghana AIDS Commission, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Ghana, & Measure DHS/Macro International, Inc. (2006). Ghana multiple indicator cluster survey (MICS). Ghana: Monitoring the Situation of Children, Women and Men. Retrieved from http://www.childinfo.org/files/MICS3_Ghana_FinalReport_2006_Eng.pdf

Jones, N., Ahadzie, W., & Doh, D. (2009, July). Social protection and children: Opportunities in Ghana. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/wcaro_3798_unicef_odi_Social_Portection_Ghana-full-report.pdf

Ministry of Employment and Social Welfare (Republic of Ghana). (2010, June). Ghana: National plan of action for orphans and vulnerable children. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/docs/GHANA%20OVC%20NPA.pdf

Orphans and Vulnerable Children Care Reform Initiative, Ghana. (n.d.a). Challenges and solutions. Retrieved October 28, 2010, from http://www.ovcghana.org/challenges_solutions.html

Selman, P. (2010, December). African states of origin, 2003-2009: Number of children sent to 23 receiving states (p. 2.). Paper prepared for the Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute. Washington, DC.

UNAIDS, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), & USAID. (2004, July). Children on the brink 2004: A joint report of new orphan estimates and a framework of action. Washington, DC: USAID. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/cob_layout6-013.pdf

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (n.d.). Statistics. At a glance: Ghana. Retrieved October 28, 2010, from http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ghana_statistics.html

KENYA

Biemba, G., Njoka, J., Simon, J., Costello, J., Beard, J., & Brooks, B. (2009, August). Kenya research situation analysis on orphans and other vulnerable children: Country brief. Institute of Development Studies. Retrieved from http://www.ovcsupport.net/s/library.php?ld=1053

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2010). Kenya. The world factbook. Retrieved October 25, 2010, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html

Joint Council on International Children’s Services. (2009). Summary report: Child welfare in Kenya. Retrieved from http://www.jointcouncil.org/old-files/Summary%20Report%20-%20Kenya.pdf

Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Development, Department of Children Services (Republic of Kenya). (2008). National plan of action for orphans and vulnerable children: Kenya 2007-2010 (Revised Edition). Retrieved from http://www.bettercarenetwork.nl/content/17382/download/clnt/28847_National_Plan_of_Action_OVC.pdf

National AIDS Control Council, Office of the President, Kenya. (2008). UNGASS 2008 country report for Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: NACC. Retrieved from http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2008/kenya_2008_country_progress_report_en.pdf

U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs (2011, March 2). Alert: Expect adoption delays. Intercountry Adoptions: Kenya. Retrieved June 15, 2011 from http://adoption.state.gov/country_information/country_specific_alerts_notices.php?alert_notice_type=alerts&alert_notice_file=kenya_1

MALAWI

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2010). Malawi. The world factbook. Retrieved October 25, 2010, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mi.html

Chinyama, V., & Siu, V. (2010, October 28). UNICEF Executive Director spotlights Malawi’s social cash-transfer programme. Retrieved December 8, 2010, from http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/malawi_56675.html

Dunn, A., & Parry-Williams, J. (2008, September). Alternative Care for Children in Southern Africa: Progress, challenges and future directions. Working paper. Nairobi, Kenya: UNICEF. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/docs/Alt%20Care%20in%20Southern%20Africa.pdf

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (n.d.). Using social cash transfers to alleviate poverty. Retrieved December 8, 2010 from http://www.unicef.org/evaluation/index_49364.html

U.S. Department of State, Bureau of African Affairs. (2010, September 14). Background Note: Malawi. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/7231.htm

RWANDA

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2010). Rwanda. The world factbook. Retrieved October 25, 2010 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html

Minister in the Prime Minister’s Office of Gender and Family Promotion. (2008, June). A situation analysis of orphans and other vulnerable children in Rwanda. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/ilab/programs/ocft/20090602/rwanda08.pdf

Selman, P. (2010, December). African states of origin, 2003-2009: Number of children sent to 23 receiving states. Paper prepared for the Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute, Washington, DC. p. 2.

U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs (2011, September 3). Alert: Suspension of new applications. Intercountry Adoptions: Rwanda. Retrieved June 15, 2011from http://adoption.state.gov/country_information/country_specific_alerts_notices.php?alert_notice_type=alerts&alert_notice_file=rwanda_1

UGANDA

Borda, M., & Datta, S. (2008, December). Highly vulnerable children: 2008 country profile for Uganda. Washington, DC: Futures Group International. Retrieved from http://www.healthpolicyinitiative.com/Publications/Documents/681_1_ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN_Country_Profile_Uganda_FINAL.pdf

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2010). Uganda. The world factbook. Retrieved October 25, 2010 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html

Kalibala, S., & Elson, L. (2010, January). Protecting hope: Situation analysis of vulnerable children in Uganda 2009 (Final Report). New York, NY: Population Council. Retrieved from http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/2010HIV_UgandaProtectingHope.pdf

Mishra, V., & Bignami-Van Assche, S. (2008, September). Orphans and vulnerable children in high HIV-prevalence countries in sub-Saharan Africa. DHS Analytical Studies No. 15. Calverton, MD: Macro International Inc. Retrieved from http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/AS15/AS15.pdf

UNICEF. (n.d.). A Ugandan village rallies around children orphaned by AIDS. Retrieved November 4, 2010 from http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/uganda_29786.html

Uganda Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development. (2004 November). National strategic programme plan of interventions for orphans and other vulnerable children: Fiscal year 2005/6-2009/10. Retrieved from http://www.mglsd.go.ug/ovc/images/Policies/National%20Strategic%20Program%20Plan%20of%20Intevention.pdf

Uganda Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development. (2007). Advocacy with and for orphans and other vulnerable children: Findings from qualitative research in Uganda. Draft. Retrieved from http://www.crin.org/docs/QualitativeStudyFeb5[1][1].07.pdf